Palynology

Palynology is the study of microorganisms and microscopic fragments of mega-organisms that are composed of acid-resistant organic material and occur in sediments, sedimentary rocks, and even some metasedimentary rocks. Palynomorphs are the microscopic, acid-resistant organic remains and debris produced by a wide variety plants, animals, and Protista that have existed since the late Proterozoic.^[2]^[3]

It is the science that studies contemporary and fossil palynomorphs (paleopalynology), including pollen, spores, orbicules, dinocysts, acritarchs, chitinozoans and scolecodonts, together with particulate organic matter (POM) and kerogen found in sedimentary rocks and sediments. Palynology does not include diatoms, foraminiferans or other organisms with siliceous or calcareous tests. The name of the science and organisms is derived from the Greek Greek: παλύνω, translit. palynō, "strew, sprinkle" and -logy) or of "particles that are strewn".^[3]^[4]

Palynology is an interdisciplinary science that stands at the intersection of earth science (geology or geological science) and biological science (biology), particularly plant science (botany). In Biostratigraphy, a branch of paleontology and paleobotany, it involves fossil palynomorphs from the Precambrian to the Holocene for their usefulness in the relative dating and correlation of sedimentary strata. Palynology is also used to date and understand the evolution of many kinds of plants and animals. In paleoclimatology, fossil palynomorphs are studied for their usefulness in understanding ancient Earth history in terms of reconstructing paleoenvironments and paleoclimates.^[3]^[4]

Palynology is quite useful in disciplines such as Archeology, in honey production, and criminal and civil law.^[3]^[4] In archaeology, palynology is widely used to reconstruct ancient paleoenvironments and environmental shifts that significantly influenced past human societies and reconstruct the diet of prehistoric and historic humans. Melissopalynology, the study of pollen and other palynomorphs in honey, identifies the sources of pollen in terms of geographical location(s) and genera of plants. This not only provides important information on the ecology of honey bees, it also an important tool in discovering and policing the criminal adultriation and mislabeling of honey and its products. Forensic palynology uses palynomorphs as evidence in criminal and civil law to prove or disprove a physical link between objects, people, and places.^[4]^[5]

^ Gray, J.; Chaloner, W. G.; Westoll, T. S. (1985). "The Microfossil Record of Early Land Plants: Advances in Understanding of Early Terrestrialization, 1970–1984". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 309 (1138): 167–195. Bibcode:1985RSPTB.309..167G. doi:10.1098/rstb.1985.0077. JSTOR 2396358.
^ Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, eds., 2005, Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. ISBN 0-922152-76-4
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Williams, G., Fensome, R.A., Miller, M. and Bujak, J., 2020. Microfossils: palynology. In Sorkhabi, R., ed., 15 pp., Encyclopedia of Petroleum Geoscience. Geneva, Switzerland, Springer Nature. 1000 pp.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kneller, M., and Fowell, F., 2009. Palynology. In Gornitz, V., ed., pp. 766-768., Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments. Geneva, Switzerland, Springer Dordrecht. 1049 pp.
^ Laurence, A.R., and Bryant, V.M., 2009. Forensic Palynology. In Bruinsma, G., and Weisburd, D., ed., pp. 1471-1754., Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. New York, New York, Springer Science+Business Media. 5632 pp.

[Gray1985-1] Gray, J.; Chaloner, W. G.; Westoll, T. S. (1985). "The Microfossil Record of Early Land Plants: Advances in Understanding of Early Terrestrialization, 1970–1984". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 309 (1138): 167–195. Bibcode:1985RSPTB.309..167G. doi:10.1098/rstb.1985.0077. JSTOR 2396358.

[NeuendorfOthers2005a-2] Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, eds., 2005, Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. ISBN 0-922152-76-4

[WilliamsOther2020a-3] Williams, G., Fensome, R.A., Miller, M. and Bujak, J., 2020. Microfossils: palynology. In Sorkhabi, R., ed., 15 pp., Encyclopedia of Petroleum Geoscience. Geneva, Switzerland, Springer Nature. 1000 pp.

[KnellerOther2020a-4] Kneller, M., and Fowell, F., 2009. Palynology. In Gornitz, V., ed., pp. 766-768., Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments. Geneva, Switzerland, Springer Dordrecht. 1049 pp.

[LaurenceOther2014a-5] Laurence, A.R., and Bryant, V.M., 2009. Forensic Palynology. In Bruinsma, G., and Weisburd, D., ed., pp. 1471-1754., Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. New York, New York, Springer Science+Business Media. 5632 pp.

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